All about ostriches: is it a bird or animal, description, characteristics,

Lifestyle and habitat

Giant birds are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania.
They prefer savannas, not too overgrown places, open spaces. Birds are characterized by a sedentary life, although in the west of the continent they move to the northern part in the summer and to the southern regions in winter. The emu most often lives alone. The union of emus into a pair, a group of 5-7 individuals, is a rare phenomenon, characteristic only for periods of nomadism and active search for food. It is not typical for them to constantly flock together.

Farmers hunt birds if they gather in large numbers and cause damage by trampling crops and destroying shoots. While “swimming” in loose earth and sand, the bird makes movements with its wings, as if swimming. Wild birds inhabit areas where trees have been cut down and are found along roads.

Adult birds have almost no enemies, so they do not hide in the open spaces of the fields. Good eyesight allows them to escape at speeds of up to 65 km/h in case of danger. The enemies of the emu are feathered predators - eagles, hawks. Dingo dogs encroach on large birds, and foxes steal eggs from nests.

Emus prefer uncrowded places, although they are not afraid of humans and quickly get used to them. There are no maintenance difficulties on emu farms. The emu is a bird well adapted to different temperature conditions. The Australian giant tolerates cold temperatures down to -20°C and summer heat up to +40°C.

The birds are active during the day; the emu sleeps at night. Rest begins at sunset; the ostrich falls into deep sleep, sitting on its paws. Any irritants interrupt rest. During the night, the emu wakes up every 90-100 minutes. In general, birds sleep up to 7 hours a day.

Thanks to the increased interest in birds, special farms for the industrial breeding of feathered giants have emerged in China, Canada, the USA, and Russia. They adapt well to temperate and cold climates.

Natural enemies

Ostriches have many different enemies in nature. Let's take a closer look at how serious and frequent the danger they pose:

• Predators. These are hyenas, jackals and birds that attack and destroy their nests with defenseless chicks. That is why during the period of incubation and growth of chicks, the population of African ostriches suffers enormous damage. But the offspring can run away from danger as early as 30 days after birth. Adults are attacked only by large predators: lions, tigers, leopards, cheetahs. But ostriches have effective methods of defense, so predatory animals attack with caution.
• Poachers. They are the ones who bear the most irreparable damage to the population. Hunters kill entire herds, about 30-80 individuals. They illegally sell skin, feathers, meat, and eggs of ostriches. There is currently only one method of combating poachers - breeding individuals on a farm in order to receive all the benefits from specially raised livestock, and not from killing all the birds.
• Tourists. For them it is just entertainment, so they enjoy hunting birds from helicopters. It is difficult to fight them and the authorities have banned the export of any type of ostrich products from the country.

Humans pose the greatest threat to African ostriches. Despite the camouflage, high speed, strong limbs and density of eggs, people have found a way to exterminate individuals for their own benefit.

Types of ostriches

During the Pleistocene, several varieties existed. But uncontrolled extermination has greatly reduced their numbers and species diversity. As of 2022, only one species is known - African, which includes 4 subspecies:

• Maasai;
• North African;
• Somali;
• Southern.

Even in the last century, Syriac (Arabic, Aleppo) existed. Depending on the variety, birds differ in the color of their plumage, the color of their paws and beak, as well as their edging.

The range of ostriches on the African continent

Common or North African ostrich

The largest subspecies.

Peculiarities:

• height - 2.74 m;
• weight - up to 156 kg;
• the structure of the shell is finely porous, the pattern resembles a star;
• legs and neck deep red;
• there is a bald spot on the head.

Common ostrich

Its habitat until recently covered western and northern Africa, stretching from Uganda in the south to Egypt in the north. Now it has narrowed to the territory of West African countries.

Masai ostrich

Not common in East Africa. There are no significant differences from the listed subspecies. During the mating season, the neck and limbs become bright red. When at rest they are pink.

Female Masai ostrich

Somali ostrich

Similar to the Common Ostrich due to the bald patch on the head. But the legs and neck of males are colored blue-gray, while the feathers of females are brighter, a rich brown hue. Families live in Somalia, northeastern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. They do not form large flocks. The Aborigines call this subspecies "gorayo".

Somali ostrich

Southern ostrich

The birds are distinguished by the gray color of their plumage in the legs and neck. The range affects the southwestern part of the African continent, but is more concerned with Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Females that reach sexual maturity are much smaller in size than males.

Southern ostrich

Syrian ostrich

Extinct subspecies. It was distributed in northeast Africa. It was considered one of the closest relatives of the Common Ostrich. This variety was inhabited in Saudi Arabia due to its good adaptability to desert conditions.

Syrian ostrich

Birds similar to the African ostrich

There are several species of birds that resemble an ostrich in appearance, but they do not belong to the Ostrich family.

Table 2. Description of exterior features.

From the history…

It is believed that ostriches appeared on the planet 12 million years ago. And the trade in the feathers of these animals dates back to the early Egyptian civilizations and goes back three thousand years. In some countries, even before the beginning of our era, animals were kept in captivity. In Ancient Egypt, noble ladies rode ostriches to festive ceremonies. Animal feathers became in great demand at the beginning of the nineteenth century, which led to a significant reduction in the number of birds. In the middle of the century, a period of rapid development of ostrich farming began. The first farm in Africa appeared in 1838. Animals were bred solely for the purpose of obtaining valuable feathers. For example, in South Africa at that time, the export of feathers was in fourth place after the export of gold, wool and diamonds.

Gradually, ostriches began to be bred in captivity in other countries and on other continents: in the USA, Algeria, Egypt, Australia, Italy, Argentina, New Zealand. But during the period of two world wars, this type of business almost ceased to exist, and the number of farms decreased significantly.

Population and species status

Back in the 19th century, they began to practice keeping ostriches in captivity, creating special farms. This made it possible, in conditions of a sharp reduction in the total number of ostriches, to preserve the population of these flightless birds living in natural conditions. Nowadays, dozens of countries have special farms where ostriches are bred.

Special farms made it possible not only to preserve ostrich populations in the wild, but also to obtain expensive feathers and leather, as well as meat that tastes like beef. The lifespan of ostriches is quite impressive, as they live up to 80 years. Due to the fact that ostriches are kept en masse in captivity, the risk of their disappearance from the natural environment is minimal.

Appearance of Emu

When talking about who an emu is, one cannot ignore its appearance. It should be noted right away that these birds do not fly, and therefore their wings are underdeveloped. Their length is no more than 25 cm. At the ends of each wing there is a growth resembling a claw.

The emu's legs are strong and very well developed. Each of them has 3 fingers with especially sharp claws, with which the bird, if desired, can inflict severe injuries or even kill the attacker.

The feathers are brown-gray in color and have a soft texture. They blend well with the environment and allow the bird to remain invisible in the thickets, even with its considerable size. The emu is a bird that is not picky about the ambient temperature, thanks to the special structure of its feathers, which allows it not to overheat on hot days and not freeze even at a temperature of -20 degrees.

The external differences between males and females are minimal, which is why it is possible to distinguish them only during the courtship period, when the male makes peculiar sounds to attract the female. The rest of the time the bird looks the same.

When you decide to start breeding emus, it is better to buy adult individuals from a trusted seller who knows exactly the gender of each animal.

Raising chicks

Raising ostrich chicks photo

Dimensions

Newborn ostrich chicks are about 20 cm in height. They grow at a rate of about 1 cm per day to a value of 150 cm.

Feeding

For the first three days, it is recommended not to feed or drink babies so that their gall sac resolves. The ambient temperature is maintained at 32-33°C. On the fourth day, the ostrich chicks are given a mixture of crushed clover or alfalfa leaves with mixed feed (as for broiler chickens) and water. At the same time, they begin to give cottage cheese and boiled eggs. At the 5th week of life and up to 3 months, the chicks are fed with compound feed, as for broiler chickens. Be sure to place separate feeders with gravel or small stones. Young ostrich chicks switch to grass food in the summer, eat root vegetables (potatoes, carrots, beets) in the fall, and eat silage in the winter.

Can an ostrich be called an animal?

There is such a stable concept as animals. Even in ancient Greece, during the time of Aristotle, animals were classified as a separate biological kingdom, and this category includes all living organisms living on Earth, including humans and the aforementioned birds.

From this point of view, we can safely call the ostrich an animal, but this will be too general a concept. Of course, the animal kingdom is divided into species and subspecies. Usually in everyday life, animals only mean vertebrate mammals.

In modern science, animals mean all multicellular creatures that live on our planet. Being a multicellular representative of the fauna, the ostrich can be called an animal.

This is purely theoretical, let's list some observations that prove that they are animals, such as domestic ones:

1. These large birds are not afraid to attack predators that threaten their offspring. They can rush at a hyena without fear or doubt and protect their nest.
2. These birds can often graze with ungulates without fear of them, and feeling at ease. They are frequent visitors to zebra herds. But for example, they do not communicate with other birds. Does this make them animals?!
3. Another argument is that animals have good eyesight and hearing. Other birds, with the exception of aces of prey - eagles and hawks, have not very good vision. They can see very far and hear well, just like wild animals.
4. They can't fly at all. They have a pair of poorly developed wings that end in two fingers with claws, suggesting that they are not wings, but rather poorly developed paws.
5. They run very fast. At short distances, their speed reaches 96 km/h, which is almost like that of predatory cats - cheetahs.
6. These long-necked animals can be saddled and ridden like a horse.

In addition to these listed points, and the general concept of animals, these are, perhaps, all the arguments in favor of the fact that the ostrich is an animal. Let's go ahead and get into the details. Let's find out if this long-nose can call himself a bird?

Natural habitats

Depending on the subspecies, the place of residence of the African ostrich varies. Most often, birds try to find the following natural conditions for life:

• Savannah. Ostriches, due to their natural characteristics and the need to quickly move, prefer grassy savannas and places with few trees. The plain is an excellent place for procreation and nutrition. On flat lands, you can clearly see all the animals nearby, including predators. Therefore, in case of danger, ostriches can flee in advance.
• Semi-desert. Groups of African ostriches can be found there while hatching eggs. However, they do not live in the Sahara Desert. Because it is difficult for birds to run on this kind of sand, which is necessary for them. The best option for life would be a semi-desert with hard soil and small bushes.

There are areas that ostriches try to avoid - these are mainly swampy areas, high impenetrable thickets of grass and trees, deserts with shifting sands.

Features and habitat of the African ostrich

The ostrich is one of the largest birds on earth. The adult weight of the African ostrich reaches 160 kg, and its height is just under 3 meters. An ostrich's head is small in relation to its body, and its neck is long and flexible. The beak is straight and not hard. The mandible has a keratinized growth. The mouth ends right at the eyes. The eyes are bulging with many eyelashes.

The plumage of males is black with white feathers in the tail and at the ends of the wings. Females are gray in color with white feathers at the ends of the tail and wings. The head and neck of an ostrich have no feathers.

The ostrich lacks the ability to fly due to underdeveloped pectoral muscles and underdeveloped wings. Its feathers are curly and loose and do not create strong vane plates. But the ostrich's ability to run fast cannot be compared, even with the speed of a horse. The legs vary in length and strength.

Many people are interested in the question, how many fingers does an African ostrich have? The African ostrich's paw has two toes, one of which is keratinized. It provides support when walking and running. The ostrich egg is distinguished by its large size. One such egg is equivalent to 24 chicken eggs.

The African ostrich lives in savannah and desert areas beyond the forests of the equator. Australia is home to a bird very similar to the African ostrich called the emu. Previously, it was considered a relative of ostriches, but recently it has been classified as a member of the Cassowary order.

The African ostrich has two fingers

This bird is also enormous in size: up to 2 meters tall and 50 kg in weight. The African ostrich in the photo doesn't quite look like a bird, but that's exactly what it is.

Interesting Facts

Fans of ostriches will be pleased with interesting facts about the life and behavior of the largest birds:

• Ostriches do not have teeth, so they swallow stones and other small objects they find to grind their food.
• They love to bathe in dust, thereby quickly getting rid of skin parasites and protecting their wings from moisture.
• They have strong limbs and are capable of injuring or killing an attacking enemy.
• History knows of cases of birds attacking humans.
• During the times of Ancient Egypt, they were symbols of justice, and their feathers adorned the heads of the great Gods.
• They have the largest eyes of any land animal species.
• Each eye is larger than the bird's brain.
• The leader of the pack always warns others of approaching danger by making a sound similar to the roar of a lion.
• In exceptional cases, due to lack of fresh water, they can drink salt water.
• Egg shells are very durable - once in Europe they used them to make cups of extraordinary beauty, and ancient tribes used them to store water.
• They mainly feed on plant matter, sometimes eating insects, rodents and reptiles. Little ostriches eat only animal food.
• If the babies are in danger, the adult bird pretends to be wounded, trying to distract the enemies and lead them away from the herd. After this, she runs away on her own, while the chicks are already under the protection of other ostriches.
• Ostriches live in families.
• At night, some members of the herd keep watch, after which there is a changing of the guard.
• The eggs of ordinary ostriches weigh up to 1.5 kg and are up to 15 cm long.
• Birds do not bury their heads in the sand when danger approaches, this is a myth. They fall to the ground, press their necks to it and pretend to be dead.
• They always sleep with their necks raised up. They put their head on the ground only if they are tired.
• Sometimes from overeating they become fat, they hardly run and even have difficulty moving.

Description and features

The name is translated from Portuguese and Arabic as “big bird”. It is no coincidence that the emu in the photo looks like a cassowary. For a long time it was classified as an ordinary ostrich, but in the updated classification based on the latest research of the last century, amendments were made - the bird was classified as a cassowary, although the traditional combination emu continues to be used in the public and scientific environment. Unlike the cassowary, the top of the relative's head is without a growth on the head.

The appearance of the emu is special, although there are similar features with the cassowary and ostrich. The height of the birds is up to 2 m, the weight is 45-60 kg - indicators of the second largest bird in the world. Females are difficult to distinguish from males; their color is identical - there are slight differences in size and vocal characteristics. Visually determining the sex of a bird is difficult.

The emu has a dense, oblong body with a drooping tail. The small head on an elongated neck is pale blue. The eyes are round in shape. Interestingly, their size coincides with the size of the bird's brain. Long eyelashes make the bird look special.

The beak is pink and slightly curved. The bird has no teeth. The plumage color ranges from dark gray to gray-brown tones, which allows the bird to be inconspicuous among vegetation despite its large size. The emu's hearing and vision are well developed. He sees predators a couple of hundred meters away and senses danger from afar.

The limbs are very powerful - the speed of an emu reaches 50-60 km/h. A collision with it is dangerous and can result in severe damage. One bird's step is on average 275 cm in length, but can increase up to 3 m. The emu's clawed paws serve for protection.

The emu has three three-phalangeal toes on each foot, which distinguishes it from the two-toed ostriches. There are no feathers on the legs. Paws on thick soft pads. In cages with strong limbs they can even damage metal fencing.

Thanks to their strong legs, birds overcome enormous distances and lead a nomadic life. Claws are a serious weapon of birds, with which they inflict serious injuries and even kill attackers. The bird's wings are underdeveloped - the emu cannot fly.

No more than 20 cm in length, the tips with growths resembling claws. The feathers are soft to the touch. The structure of the plumage protects the bird from overheating, so the emu remains active even in the midday heat. Thanks to the characteristics of the feather, Australian inhabitants can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. The bird may flap its wings during its activity.

An amazing feature of the emu is its ability to swim beautifully. Unlike other waterfowl, the emu can swim across a river with a gentle current. The bird loves to just sit in the water. The ostrich's voice combines the sounds of grunting, drumming, and loud screams. You can hear birds 2 km away.

The local population hunted emus for a source of meat, skin, feathers, especially valuable fat, which was used as medicine, served as a valuable lubricant, and was a component of paints for ceremonial body decorations. Modern cosmetology includes emu fat for the preparation of preparations for skin health and rejuvenation.

The modern classification identifies three subspecies of Australian inhabitants:

• Woodward, living in the north of the mainland. Color pale gray;
• Rothschild, living in the southwestern region of Australia. Color dark brown;
• new Dutch ostriches living in the south-eastern part. The plumage is gray-black.

The ongoing confusion between emus and African ostriches continues due to superficial similarities. There are fundamental differences between them:

• in the length of the neck - the ostrich is half a meter longer;
• in the anatomical structure of the paws - emus with three fingers, ostriches with two;
• in the appearance of the eggs - in emu they are smaller and deep blue in color.

African ostrich and emu are different birds in Australia.

Are ratites facing extinction?

Representatives of this class were mercilessly exterminated, killed, and are doing so today. They are often hunted for their plumage. African ostrich feathers are used as a decorative element in costumes and interior design. Fashion designers love to use it in their products. Ostrich skin is thin, yet durable and soft. It was adapted for the manufacture of clothing, shoes, and accessories. They have incredibly tasty meat that can satisfy the taste of even knowledgeable gourmets. Eggs are edible, nutritious, and rich in vitamins. Because of this, bird hunting continues today.

This caused the extinction of an entire species of the ratite family in 1966. But today more ostrich farms have begun to appear.

Representatives of the family have adapted to almost any living conditions. They are bred not only in hot countries, but also in temperate latitudes of our planet. Thanks to this, as well as many nature reserves and zoos, they are no longer in danger of extinction.

After decades of mass shooting, ostriches are finally protected by law.

Variety of ostriches

Previously, in ancient times, there was a huge variety of ostriches. Today, there is only one left - the African ostrich. It is divided into 4 subgroups:

North African or common. This is the largest subspecies of ostrich. It is also distinguished by its bright red neck and limbs. The head is bald. Bird eggs have a porous shell with a star-shaped pattern.

Masai Ostrich. A distinctive feature is the pink color of the neck and limbs. It is noteworthy that during the breeding season these parts acquire an intense red color.

Somali Ostrich. This subspecies is often placed into a separate category due to differences in DNA. These birds have a blue-gray neck and limbs. Females are distinguished by bright brown feathers. Local residents gave this ostrich the beautiful name “gorayo”. These birds usually live alone or in pairs.

South Ostrich. It has gray shades on the neck and limbs.

Is it possible to breed it?

The ostrich is a large and exotic bird, but hardy and omnivorous. In order for a bird to live comfortably on a farm, the following conditions must be met:

• there should be a spacious grassy area nearby on which various plants will grow;
• the presence of an insulated poultry house, since ostriches love warm climatic conditions, even despite their endurance;
• For one male you need to keep 3-4 females, this ensures their proper reproduction.

It is important to handle birds carefully and carefully, because they can behave very aggressively during mating periods, protecting their chicks and eggs.

You can learn about breeding African ostriches in the video:

Lifestyle

Ostriches live in warm climates, in savannas and semi-deserts. They prefer to live in flocks of up to 10 individuals, including a male, several females and chicks. In pastures they often stay and graze next to zebras.

The diet of ostriches mainly consists of plant foods, which include young shoots of plants, seeds, fruits, and flowers. Nevertheless, they are not averse to eating insects, rodents, as well as carrion, the remains of animals underfed by predators. True to its name - the camel sparrow, it is able to survive for a long time without water in conditions of terrible heat.

During the mating season, males “dress up” by changing their plumage to a brighter one. And they begin to perform “serenades” and shout loudly, thereby attracting potential “brides”, of which the ostrich usually has several. From 2 to 4 females. Afterwards, all fertilized eggs of females of one family are laid in a common nest. The male incubates the eggs with only one female. The chicks are born immediately sighted and capable of movement.

What do they eat?

The basis of the ostrich diet is food items of both plant and animal origin. As plant food, ostriches eat various shoots, inflorescences, seeds and fruits of plants. As animal food, the bird eats various insects, locusts, reptiles and rodents. They often find food remains from various predators. Younger individuals feed mainly on animal food.

To keep ostriches in captivity, it is necessary to take into account that one adult ostrich needs up to 3 and a half kilograms of food per day, or even more. In order for food to be fully digested, the bird has to swallow small stones or other solid non-food objects. This is due to the fact that the ostrich has no teeth and has nothing to grind food with before swallowing.

It is believed that ostriches are quite hardy and can go without water for a long time, making do with the amount of moisture that enters their body with food. Despite this, ostriches love to swim.

Ostriches. Life on the run.

Which bird to choose for breeding?

Ostrich farms first appeared in the 1830s in South Africa. Later, over time, more and more such farms appeared. Over the 30 years of development of ostrich farming, the number of ostrich farms has increased 3 thousand times. Ostriches were bred only for feathers; no other products were obtained from them at that time. Feathers were carefully cut off near the skin approximately every six months, which allowed the owners of such enterprises to make high profits.

Then came the world wars, and the number of farms involved in ostrich breeding decreased significantly. Ostrich farming was “reborn” again in the 1980s. Then they began to use birds not only for feathers, but also for meat and skins.

In the field of agriculture today, an ostrich farm is a type of business that occupies a leading position among the most profitable. It turns out to be an almost “full cycle” enterprise.

Today there are approximately 650 farms in Europe. In Russia, these birds have been bred for a relatively short time; they are bred in the Krasnodar and Perm regions, in the Volgograd region.

It is better to buy adults, since mortality among ostriches is high. In order to start breeding ostriches, you need a family of one male and at least two females.

The most suitable for breeding are several varieties of ostrich.

• With a black neck. These birds were bred by crossing Malian ostriches with South African ones. They are distinguished by their intelligence, easily adapt to new climates and conditions, and are most suitable for our climate. The feather obtained from such birds is of high quality.
• With a blue neck. These are ostriches bred by crossing Somali and South African ostriches. They are not as productive as black-necked ostriches, but are more tolerant of humans and have high reproductive rates.

List of interesting facts about ostriches:

• the weight of a male can reach 150 kg;
• record-breaking birds can run at speeds of up to 90 km/h;
• The emu is native to the island of Tasmania;
• A distinctive feature of the kiwi is 4 toes, while ostriches have only 2.

See below for more details.

Feeding

The basis of the diet of ostriches with intensive care consists of greens (clover, alfalfa, nettle), vegetables (carrots, pumpkin, cabbage) and grains. In winter, greens are replaced with hay, and vitamin and mineral supplements are required. On average, an adult consumes 3 kg of feed per day.

A separate container with gravel is placed in the poultry house; it helps the bird to grind and digest food.

With the extensive method, in the summer the birds themselves obtain most of the food.

The chicks are not fed for the first few days so that they can fully absorb the yolk and excess moisture from the muscles. From 4-5 days they begin to feed with flour, chopped eggs, gradually introduce greens, cottage cheese, and starter feed for broilers.

Productivity

Historically, ostriches of different species have been useful in different ways - for example, the feathers of the African ostrich were in great demand in the production of various jewelry, and the shells of their eggs could well be used as a goblet among some African peoples. In addition, "Africans" could be used for harnessing horse-drawn vehicles and even riding horses, and emu fat was for some time considered a valuable medicine. But today there is a certain demand for the skin of both types of birds, but its truly widespread use can only be considered in those countries where there are many ostrich farms, and these are perhaps South Africa and Australia. In all other countries, the main reason for breeding these large birds today is meat and eggs.

Despite the fact that African ostriches and emus have not been considered biologically related for several decades, their meat is quite similar. Experienced gourmets claim that it is reminiscent of beef, but at the same time it is even less fatty, which in times of widespread popularity of healthy eating may be of interest to many consumers. Emu meat, whose fat content does not exceed 1.5%, should be considered especially lean.

Ostrich eggs are not the main product of this branch of poultry farming, if only for the reason that females do not lay them very often, but the size of such an egg can impress anyone. If we talk about the African subspecies, its egg is an impressive 15-21 cm long and weighs a good 1.5-2 kilograms, which is equivalent to about 25-36 average chicken eggs

Against this background, it is no longer so important how many eggs one female lays per year - there will definitely be a demand for them. The volume of a clutch in the wild can range from 15 to 60 eggs, but here you need to take into account that several females “belonging” to one male make a common clutch

Farmers have calculated that at home, a young ostrich produces 20-25 eggs per year, while an experienced female 6-7 years old can lay up to 70 eggs annually.

Emus, as birds of more modest size, have egg dimensions that are also not so impressive. The number of eggs from one female in a clutch can range from 7-8 to 20 eggs, their average weight is approximately 700-900 grams. As is the case with their African counterparts, in one emu nest the “products” of several females can be collected at once, directly related to the same male.

Among other things, African ostrich feathers have not yet completely gone out of fashion - they can still be sold profitably. At the same time, the bird is not inclined to lose elements of its plumage, and you should not try to tear them out either - instead, the feathers are carefully cut off close to the skin. To harvest such a “harvest,” it is necessary to wait until the bird is at least 2-3 years old—feathers among young people are considered useless.

Diseases

Feather pecking

Birds damage each other and pull out feathers. The cause may be boredom, stress or poor living conditions. The injured bird is isolated and, if possible, the causes that led to pecking are eliminated.

Respiratory diseases

They are caused by various pathogens and are the result of lack of care and decreased immunity. Manifestations of infection may include discharge from the eyes, decreased appetite, and abnormal bowel movements. Antibacterial therapy is selected as treatment. Regular disinfection and routine vaccination of livestock help prevent infection.

Gastrointestinal diseases

Ostriches are often exposed to fungal, bacterial and parasitic enteritis. Symptoms may include bowel movements, lethargy, and refusal to eat. Treatment is prescribed after a thorough analysis and identification of the cause of the ailment.

There are frequent cases of ostriches swallowing foreign bodies, which can lead to blockage of the respiratory tract, damage to the esophagus and stomach. It is usually not possible to save such a bird. It is best to prevent ingestion by thoroughly cleaning rooms and areas.

• Parasites
• Infectious
• Other

Worms

Roundworms (helminths) that cause various diseases

Read

Aspergillosis

An infectious disease of chickens that affects the respiratory organs and leads to the death of the bird

Read

Necrotic enteritis

An acute disease that disrupts the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract

Read

Newcastle disease

What is it and how to avoid infection? Main characteristics of the disease

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Salmonellosis

Symptoms of acute and permanent forms of the disease, treatment and prevention

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Smallpox

Causes, symptoms of various forms, preventive measures and treatment methods

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Bird flu

Symptoms, diagnosis, prevention

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Pterophagy

What is the reason, why does it require urgent intervention and how to prevent the disease?

Read

Reproduction

Ostriches in the zoo of the city of Krasnoyarsk (Siberia, Russia) The ostrich is a polygamous bird.
Most often, ostriches can be found in groups of 3-5 birds - one male and several females. Only during non-nesting time, ostriches sometimes gather in flocks of up to 20-30 birds, and immature birds in southern Africa - up to 50-100 individuals. During the mating season, male ostriches occupy a territory of 2 to 15 km², driving away competitors. When the time comes for breeding, male ostriches display in a peculiar way, attracting females. The male lowers himself onto his tarsus, beats his wings rhythmically, throws his head back and rubs the back of his head against his own back. During this period, the male’s neck and legs become brightly colored. When competing for females, males make hissing and other sounds. They can trumpet: to do this, they take in a full crop of air and forcefully push it through the esophagus - while doing this, a semblance of a dull roar is heard.

The dominant male covers all the females in the harem, but forms a pair only with the dominant female and hatches the chicks with her. All females lay eggs in a common nesting hole, which the male scrapes out in the ground or sand. Its depth is only 30-60 cm. Ostrich eggs are the largest in the bird world, although relative to the size of the bird itself they are small: egg length - 15-21 cm, weight - from 1.5 to 2 kg (this is approximately 25-36 chicken eggs ). The shell of ostrich eggs is very thick - 0.6 cm, its color is usually straw yellow, less often darker or white. In North Africa, the total clutch usually consists of 15-20 eggs, in the south of the continent - 30, in East Africa the number of eggs reaches 50-60. Each female lays eggs apparently once every 2 days.

When the dominant female has laid all the eggs, she demands that the other females leave, rolls her own eggs into the center of the clutch (she distinguishes them by the texture of the shell) and begins incubation.

Ostrich egg compared to chicken and quail eggs

Masonry

The eggs are incubated alternately by females during the day (due to their protective coloration, blending into the landscape), and by the male at night. Often during the day the eggs are left unattended and heated by the sun's rays. Incubation lasts 35-45 days. However, often many eggs, and sometimes all, die due to insufficient hatching. The chick breaks the strong shell of an ostrich egg for about an hour, sometimes more. It rests one foot on the blunt end of the egg, the other foot on the sharp one, and hits one place with its beak until a small hole appears. Then he makes a few more holes like this. Then, in order to break its way out, the chick hits the shell with the back of its head, so African ostrich chicks hatch with hematomas on the back of their heads, which quickly disappear.

When the chicks hatch, the adult bird breaks the eggs, which are definitely spoiled (usually they lie on the edges). Flies flock to them and serve as food for the chicks.

Ostrich chick

Ostrich chicks hatch sighted, covered with down and capable of movement. A newly hatched ostrich weighs about 1.2 kg, and by four months it reaches 18-19 kg. The chicks leave the nest the day after hatching and travel with their father in search of food. During the first 2 months of life, the chicks are covered with brownish, hard bristles, then they dress in an outfit similar in color to that of the female. True feathers appear in the second month, and black feathers in males appear only in the second year of life. Ostriches become capable of reproduction at 2-4 years of age. African ostriches live like people, that is, on average 75 years.

The chicks are tightly attached to each other. If two groups of chicks get too close, they mix and cannot be separated. Parents fight with each other. The winners take care of all the chicks. Therefore, groups of chicks of different ages are often found.

Ostrich chicks

Ostrich
chicks hatch almost simultaneously in a clutch. The difference between the first and last is usually no more than three days. Sometimes the baby has to spend many hours to completely free himself from the shell. It helps to break up the dense horny growth on the beak. Due to its prickly bristle-like down, the hatched ostrich resembles a hedgehog rather than a chicken. For the first time in their lives, ostrich chicks can hardly lift their heads.

They do not eat for 24 hours and gain the ability to follow their parents only 48 hours after they are born. From this moment on, the chicks can already run away in case of danger. If they notice pursuit, they scatter to the sides, and then suddenly rush to the ground and freeze.

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At this time, the parents are trying to divert the enemy's attention. The female runs in one direction, the male in the other; they both make great zigzags and drag their wings as if they were broken. If a predator begins to chase one of the adults, the second one stops pretending and tries to take the chicks away. To protect the ostrich chicks from the sun's rays, the mother gathers them under her wings. Chicks remain a tasty prey for predators for a long time; the mortality rate among them is quite high.

At two months, ostrich chicks lose their bristly down, and their plumage becomes the same as that of adult females: the difference in plumage between males and females is not visible until they are two years old. Up to nine months, the chicks go to a kind of “nursery”, where they are watched by one or more adult birds. Young animals reach full maturity only at three to four years of age.

Ostriches sleep just like platypuses

A sleeping ostrich can even walk

Ostriches have survived thanks to habits that defy the laws of common sense: they sleep standing up, holding their heads high and blinking frequently. Previously, scientists thought that birds fall asleep this way, but it turned out that at this time they are already in the deep sleep phase. Most often, it is not even clear whether the ostrich is sleeping or awake.

These birds also have an important feature: they can very quickly move from one phase of sleep to another. This allows them to get enough sleep in short periods of time and not be caught off guard. In this, ostriches are similar to platypus and echidna. Only in this trio the sleep mechanism works in a similar way. According to the researchers, the ability to quickly switch between deep and REM sleep existed in all animals in ancient times, but was lost over time during evolution.

Nutrition

Common ostriches eat plant foods:

• seeds;
• shoots;
• flowers;
• fruit;
• fruits;
• grass;
• bush leaves.

If the opportunity arises, they also feast on insects, such as locusts, as well as reptiles and rodents. These large birds do not disdain the remnants of the feasts of predatory animals. Young animals traditionally consume food of animal origin.

If you decide to keep ostriches on your own, know that they will need approximately 3.5 kg of food daily.

Ostriches lack teeth, so to normalize the digestive process they swallow pebbles and other small objects - nails, pieces of iron, plastic, wood. They are able to live normally for a long time without water, absorbing the necessary moisture from plants. When surviving in drought conditions, they can lose up to 25% of their live weight as the body becomes dehydrated. But when the opportunity arises, they enjoy drinking and swimming.