Mice are small animals belonging to the class of mammals, an order of rodents from the mouse family.
They are found everywhere. The vast majority of their species live in tropical and subtropical forests, with fewer in the temperate and northern latitudes of Europe and Asia, as well as on the Australian mainland. There are approximately 13 species of mice common in the Russian Federation.
In total, the mouse family list includes 147 genera and 700 species. The size of the animal ranges from 5-48 cm, depending on the type of animal.
Below in the article we will try to describe what types of mice there are, how many species of them are found in Russia, what types of mice live where, and also provide their names, descriptions and photos.
Baby mice
They are one of the smallest rodents on earth. The size of an adult does not exceed 7 cm, the tail - 6-7 cm. The baby weighs no more than 10 g.
The appearance of the animal, namely its coloring, distinguishes it from other species. The fur of these mice is bright red in color, except for the abdomen, which is almost white.
Habitat: Spain, Korea, Japan, southern Kazakhstan, China and northern Mongolia. They are found in forests, fields and forest-steppe. In the summer they build nests in the grass, and in the winter they move into burrows, haystacks, and human dwellings.
Baby mice quickly adapt to their new environment. They are quite peaceful and calm. They can live in captivity. At the same time, the animals need a large, capacious cage or a small terrarium so that the little ones can move and climb freely.
In food, it prefers seeds, cereals, legumes, and small insects.
Characteristic features of life
It is believed that mice are quite timid by nature. This may be true, but if the mouse does not behave this way, then it will not survive, since it has a sufficient number of natural enemies.
In the wild, the mouse adapts to various conditions of its existence: it crawls, swims, digs holes in the ground, and some species have learned to fly. Such abilities of such a small mammal allow it to survive in such harsh natural conditions.
A mouse can build its nest anywhere - underground, in the hollows of old trees, in bird nests, under stones, etc. When she settles in a person’s house, her nest can be found under the floor, in the attic, in the basement, in the openings between the walls. The rodent goes hunting at night, but does not go far from its nest. During the daytime, mice sit quietly in their hiding places.
Interesting Facts! Some species of mice live in large packs, where the head of the pack is a male with several females. Each individual is responsible for its own territory, where it obtains food for itself. The offspring are raised by all females together, and after they reach “adulthood”, the young are expelled from the pack.
Mice wait out the winter in different conditions. For example:
- In the ground, in deep holes.
- In hay or straw stacks.
- In outbuildings for various purposes.
Mice that spend the winter in natural conditions store food supplies for the winter. To do this, rodents set aside special places in their burrows where they carry everything that could be useful in winter, just so as not to die of starvation.
Mice have a sufficient number of natural enemies - these are reptiles, hedgehogs, cats, dogs, foxes, as well as other birds of prey and animals.
In nature, a mouse can live no more than a year, although at the genetic level the term is about 5 years. This is due to the fact that this rodent has too many natural enemies. In artificial conditions, rodents live for about 3 years, and in laboratory conditions - 7 years.
House mouse
The ability to get along with humans has made these animals the most common species of the mouse family and the most numerous of the mammals on earth. Distributed everywhere. The Far North, Antarctica, and highlands are places where these rodents are absent due to low temperatures and high humidity.
These mice are perhaps the smallest representatives of their family, if you do not take into account the tiny mice. The length of their body is no more than 10 cm, the tail is 5-10 cm. The animal has gray fur on its back, sides and a light belly. House mice that live in desert areas are sandy yellow in color, while domesticated house mice are white.
Unlike wild rodents, white decorative mice often become pets. In addition, they are bred in laboratory conditions as food for serpentarium pets, as well as for clinical studies as experimental animals.
In nature, rodents live in burrows. With the onset of autumn, they begin to move into residential buildings and outbuildings.
The main diet is seeds, grain, green parts of plants, and once in a person’s home, they sweep away everything that comes their way - from bread crumbs to soap and candles.
General characteristics of mouse representatives
The mouse family is diverse. Mice are omnivores and herbivores. Some were bred artificially so that they could be kept as pets. Habitat: all continents. The only place on the planet where mice are not found is Antarctica and mountain slopes.
Distinctive features of the appearance of mice are:
- length up to 10 cm (rare species up to 12 cm);
- fur along the entire length of the body;
- triangular muzzle;
- The ears are round, large, sticking out in different directions.
It is impossible to confuse mice with other rodents, since their size is too small. The color of the animal is varied, and only albinos have red eyes. The rest of the breeds have small black eyes.
All types of mice are fertile. Throughout the year, a sexually mature female brings up to 8–10 litters. But life expectancy does not exceed 5 years. Each litter contains from 5 to 8 mice. The duration of gestation is 21 days.
Young mice are born blind, without fur. Over the course of 14–21 days, the pups become similar to adults, but smaller in size. Completely independent, they get their own food.
Interesting fact! Reproduction activity occurs in the summer due to a sufficient amount of food. In autumn the animal is less active. In winter, the female is able to give birth only once.
Harvest mouse
Habitat: Central and Eastern Europe, the southern part of Western Siberia, China (except for the south), Mongolia, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan. This type of rodent rarely lives in houses and outbuildings, unlike house mice.
The field mouse prefers open areas - bushes and fields. In megacities it mainly lives in green zones. Lives both in burrows and other natural shelters. Rodents that live in swampy areas build nests in bushes or grass.
The body length of the animal can reach up to 12.5 cm, the tail – up to 9 cm. The color of the field mouse is grayish-brown, with a dark stripe running along the back.
The animal’s diet, which changes depending on temporary conditions, is based on plant foods and insects. Field mice are the largest pests for agriculture and forestry, and they can also live in country houses.
Description and appearance
So, who is this mouse? Mice are animals belonging to the rodent order and the mouse family. Regardless of the species, all mice are distinguished by their small size and anatomical features, namely, the presence of an elongated, pointed muzzle, a dense body, a long tail, short paws with movable fingers and tenacious claws.
Mice live all over the planet, often settling near people. Some species are classified as synanthropic.
How does a mouse skeleton work?
The mouse skull is oval, with clearly visible areas of bone fusion. Rodents have a well-developed lower jaw, which can move in different directions.
Skeleton
The mouse skeleton is light, mobile, elastic, but at the same time very durable. The neck consists of 7 vertebrae connected by a column, and there are 20 in the tail. The pubic bones of mice are connected by ligaments. Due to this, during childbirth the bones move apart and females can give birth to rather large (compared to the size of the mother) mice.
Features of teeth
The structure of a mouse's teeth is very unusual. The front incisors (2 upper and 2 lower) do not have roots and grow throughout the life of the rodent. Therefore, animals constantly have to gnaw on something very durable in order to wear down their teeth at least a little. If this is not done, the mouse will not be able to close its mouth and eat normally.
Mice have no fangs. The molars, located on the sides of the jaw, have an uneven surface. It is with their molars that rodents grind food that gets into their mouth.
Sense and smell organs
As for the senses, mice have rather poor vision, acute hearing and an excellent sense of smell. The eyes of mice are rather poorly developed; most individuals have severe farsightedness. Rodents see best in twilight, but in complete darkness they navigate with the help of sensitive vibrissae.
Mice hear very well. Their ears can even perceive ultrasound. Rodents' sense of smell is also excellent; it helps them search for food, recognize relatives and navigate the area.
Wool and color features
The body of mice is covered with thick, smooth fur. Features of coloring - on the belly the fur is lighter than on the back and sides, and the border is quite clear. The color of wild mice varies from sandy to dark brown, almost black. The most common colors are gray, brown, red. Sometimes there are stripes or spots on the skin.
It’s interesting that the further south a mouse lives, the lighter its fur.
Dimensions and physiological features
Depending on the species, the size of mice varies from 6 to 18 cm, but the vast majority of rodents grow to 8 – 11 cm. The length of the tail can range from 60 to 100% of the body length, in some individuals the tail is even slightly longer. How much an animal weighs depends on its size. The average weight of a mouse is about 20–25 g.
The average body temperature of mice is +37.5…39⁰С. A rodent's heart beats at a rate of about 600 beats per minute. Mice run quite fast, many varieties can swim, but they do this only when absolutely necessary.
Differences between male and female
Sexual dimorphism in mice is not pronounced. It is impossible to distinguish a male from a female either by size, weight, or color. There may be some differences in character. According to studies, females are calmer, while males are more likely to show aggression.
Reproduction and lifespan
The mouse is a polygamous animal. Males and females do not create families and disperse immediately after mating. Rodents reach sexual maturity at three months of age. Pregnancy lasts 18–22 days, after which 3 to 10 pups are born. The cubs are born completely helpless. They have no fur, ears and eyes are closed.
With little mice
Mice are mammals. The female feeds the mice for the first 3 weeks after birth. In the fourth week of life, the pups become independent. Mice can breed all year round. During the year, the female brings from 3 to 9 litters.
Typically, the lifespan of a mouse in nature is 1.5–2 years, but in general rodents can live 5–7 years.
Wood mouse
The animal prefers natural shelters, its own or others' burrows in floodplains, in thickets of meadow bushes, and in open areas of forest. Their habitats are broad-leaved and mixed forests of Eastern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Altai.
It reaches 10 cm in size. The length of the tail is approximately the same as the length of the body. Color – grayish-red. Some individuals have a yellow spot in the chest area.
Rodents, as a rule, feed on plant foods (grain, seeds), and do not refuse insects. They eat young tree seedlings, causing severe damage to forestry.
Diet in natural conditions and near humans
Mice prefer plant foods, namely:
- corn;
- seeds;
- nuts;
- roots, stems, leaves and buds of plants;
- vegetables fruits.
They eat mice and insects, larvae, spiders.
Nutrition
The diet of a mouse entering a human home is more varied. Unpretentious animals eat cereals, bread, dairy and meat products, soap, and candles. Even the smallest rodent can cause serious damage by chewing wires, furniture, and books.
Vole mouse
Distinctive features of this type of rodent are their short tail, small ears and small muzzle. The length of the mouse's body, not including the tail, is 12 cm. The color is gray or dark brown, the abdomen is gray.
Habitat: North Africa, Middle East, northern India, southwestern China, Taiwan, Japanese Islands, North America.
Like a mole, the vole digs deep, multi-pass burrows. The animals are active at night and are underground during the day. They feed on plant foods - green parts of plants, roots, tubers.
You can try to fight small rodents using ultrasound.
Natural enemies
House mice are hunted by cats, foxes, small mustelids, mongooses, large lizards, snakes, birds of prey, crows, and shrikes. Rats also often kill and eat their smaller counterparts.
But house mice can also be predators. So, they were brought to the South Atlantic island of Gough, took root and multiplied to a number of 700,000 individuals. Later, large mice began to attack albatross chicks; in a year they destroy more than 1 million chicks.
Why is it not reasonable to have such a pet?
The house bat gets used to the hands, expecting affection. If you have not changed your decision to get one, then know:
- She remains awake during the night, flying around the room, which can interfere with the owner's sleep.
- She needs constant communication, deprived of which, she plunges into depression, expressed in the cessation of self-care.
- The need that is dealt with during the flight will soil the curtains and furniture.
- Natural food to feed it must be obtained somehow.
- In order not to ruin the life of yourself and the animal, think before taming it whether you can cope with such a task.
How to choose a pet
Keeping pet mice does not require special care. They are clean, get used to people quickly and have a friendly character.
When choosing an animal, take a closer look at its external characteristics and behavior. A healthy animal is characterized by the following appearance:
- the fur is smooth, without bald spots, not sticking out;
- an even row of white teeth;
- eyes are moist without mucus and shiny;
- The active animal has an excellent appetite.
Don't forget that rodents live up to 4 years, so take a 12 month old mouse.
Take care of the cage
- It is better to buy a large enclosure with 2-3 floors.
- It’s good if there are stairs in it - animals like to move by jumping. They will be happy to play with a small wheel and a tube.
- Mice love the process of bathing - setting up a small pool will greatly please them.
- It is permissible to use a transparent plastic box or an aquarium as a house.
Look at the sex of the mammal
You should definitely pay attention to this, because males do not get along with each other in the same cage. They are larger than their female relatives, with a pear-shaped body.
A male 30 days old already has testicles under his tail. In females, on the third day of birth, rudimentary nipples in the amount of 5 pairs are clearly visible.
The house mouse leads a collective lifestyle, so you should buy not just one individual, but several. If you plan to breed rodents, then keep the female and male sexes separate until mating.
